This manuscript discusses the paper The Dynamics of Gender Norms and Fertility Decline by Xican Xi and Anson Zhou. The original paper is available here. The discussion was prepared for the 2025 PHBS–IER Conference on “Demographic Change and Migration: Facts, Models and Policy Implications,” held at Peking University HSBC Business School in Shenzhen, China, on December 20–21, 2025.